#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <cassert>
#include <typeinfo>

using namespace std;

int main( )

{ 
  struct Base {
    virtual ~Base() {}
  };
  struct Derived : Base {};
  struct Leaf : Derived {};
  Base *base_ptr = new Derived(); 
 
  Derived *derived_ptr = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(base_ptr); // will succeed
  Leaf *leaf_ptr = dynamic_cast<Leaf*>(base_ptr); // will set leaf_ptr to 0
  Derived &derived = dynamic_cast<Derived&>(*base_ptr); // will succeed

  try {
    Leaf &leaf = dynamic_cast<Leaf&>(*base_ptr); // will throw std::bad_cast 
  } catch(const bad_cast&) {
    cout << "bad_cast caught at line " << __LINE__ << endl;

    return -1; // failed reference cast caught here

  }

  return 0;

}